Abbrevations: AER, albumin excertion rate; albumin-to-creatinine ratio; CKD, chronic kidney disease
*Relative to young adult level.
**Including nephrotic syndrome (albumin excertion usually>2200 mg/24 hours [ACR>220 mg/g; >220 mg/mmol])
Note that where albuminuria measurement is not available, urine reagent strip results can be substituted.